KEY BISCAYNE, Fla. (AP) 鈥 A team of scientists from the University of Miami, the Florida Aquarium and Tela Coral in Honduras is working together to transplant crossbred coral fragments onto a reef off Miami鈥檚 coastline that was devastated by coral bleaching two years ago.
They鈥檙e looking for ways to help reefs survive increased ocean temperatures caused by global warming and climate change.
鈥淚t鈥檚 the end of a very long process," Andrew Baker, professor of marine biology and ecology at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School and director of the Coral Reef Futures Lab, said Tuesday as divers planted the corals off Miami.
The plan of introducing corals from the Caribbean evolved over the past few years.
"We had this idea that we really needed to try to help Florida鈥檚 coral reef by introducing more diversity from around the Caribbean, recognizing that some of the biggest threats to corals, like climate change, are really global phenomena and if you try to have Florida鈥檚 reefs save themselves on their own, we could give them some outside help,鈥 Baker said.
has also been done in Hawaii, where in 2021, scientists were working to speed up the coral鈥檚 evolutionary clock to breed 鈥渟uper corals鈥 that can better withstand the impacts of global warming.
Why crossbreed with corals from Honduras?
Baker's group teamed with the Florida Aquarium and Tela Coral, bringing in fragments of corals from a warm reef off of Tela, Honduras, which spawned in tanks at the aquarium.
鈥淲e were able to cross the spawn from those corals, the sperm and the eggs, to produce babies. One parent from Florida, one parent from Honduras,鈥 Baker said.
They chose the reef off of Tela because the water is about 2 degrees Celsius (35.6 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the water off the coast of Florida.
鈥淎nd yet the corals in those environments, and especially the Elkhorn corals, are really thriving,鈥 Baker said.
He noted that there are extensive beds that are hundreds of meters long, full of flourishing Elkhorn.
鈥淎nd yet they survive there despite really warm conditions and also quite nutrient-polluted waters,鈥 Baker said.
The conditions are similar to those Florida will face over the next century, Baker said.
It's also the first time international crossbreeding of corals has been permitted for planting onto wild reefs.
鈥淪o we're really excited to see how these do,鈥 he said.
The hope is the corals will be more 鈥渢hermally tolerant,鈥 which Baker and the team will be testing throughout the summer.
What are Elkhorn corals?
Elkhorn corals are some of Florida's most iconic species and are valuable because they form the crest of the reef, Baker said.
鈥淎nd the reef is what protects shorelines from storms and flooding. So if you have healthy Elkhorn coral populations, you have a great reef that is acting almost like a speed bump over which waves and storms pass and dissipate their energy before they hit the coast,鈥 he said.
Elkhorn corals are in serious decline, thanks in part to the coral bleaching in and warming sea temperatures, Baker said.
While coral get their bright colors from the colorful algae that live inside them, prolonged warmth causes the algae to release toxic compounds. The coral ejects them, and a stark white skeleton 鈥 referred to as 鈥 is left behind, and the weakened coral is at risk of dying.
鈥淲e鈥檝e lost maybe more than 95% of the Elkhorn corals that were on Florida鈥檚 reefs at that point,鈥 Baker said.
Some of the corals spawned in the Florida Aquarium's laboratory arrived there in 2020, said Keri O鈥橬eil, director and senior scientist with the aquarium's Coral Conservation Program.
She said more fragments from Honduras and Florida will continue to live at the center.
鈥淲e hope that every year in the future we can make more and more crosses and continue to figure out which parents produce the best offspring,鈥 O'Neil said.
How do they plant the corals on the reef?
The tiny Elkhorn coral fragments were placed onto small concrete bases along the reef on Tuesday.
鈥淲e鈥檝e arranged them in a certain way that we can compare the performance of each of corals,鈥 Baker said.
The team will study how the corals that have a Honduran parent compare to the ones that are entirely from Florida.
"But it鈥檚 really the future that we鈥檙e looking to and in particular, a warming future and a warming summer, how these corals do and do they have more thermal tolerance than the native Florida population, because that鈥檚 really what the goal of the whole project is,'' he said.
Baker said it's the most exciting project he's worked on during his 20-year stint at the University of Miami.
Hope for the future
If the corals thrive, it could provide a blueprint for working across the Caribbean to share corals.
鈥淭his is a project about international collaboration, about the fact that our environment really doesn鈥檛 have closed borders, that we can work together to make things better in the world,鈥 said Juli Berwald, co-founder of Tela Cora. 鈥淎nd it shows that when we talk to each other, when we work together, we can really do something that might be life-changing, not just for us but for the corals and the reefs and all the animals that rely on the reefs.鈥
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Frisaro reported from Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
