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On top of government funding, Via relies on the stretch of track that runs between Quebec City and Windsor, Ont., to sustain operations across the country. Last year, 96 per cent of its riders and more than four-fifths of its revenue stemmed from the corridor.

The flow of that income is now in limbo, with both services — the current one and the HFR — set to run under a public-private partnership, or P3.

Via Rail — a Crown corporation rather than a P3 — derived 64 per cent of its gross income from government funding last year, with most of the rest coming from passenger revenues. The idea behind a P3 is that the efficiency and dynamism injected by private sector players produce a business that is more agile and self-sustaining and less dependent on federal coffers.

But money spent by private companies needs to be recouped, with healthy profits as the main goal.

"What happens to the revenues of Via Rail's corridor services? Well, they all go to the private partner. We don't know how that's going to play out in terms of whether there's going to be anything left to give back to the government at the end of the day," said Terry Johnson, president of passenger advocacy group Transport Action Canada.

"We're actually quite worried about this scenario."

Via CEO Mario Péloquin says the Crown corporation plans to discuss its business model with the federal government in several years, but that service will be maintained in Ontario and Quebec — under the P3 — as well as on Via's long-haul routes.

"Before 2030, a lot of these aspects will become more clear, more concrete," he said in an interview. "We will have those conversations with the government of Canada about the model for funding and revenue generation."

Last week, Via reported an operating loss that increased eight per cent to $381.8 million in 2023, even as ridership continues to grow, with a record five-million-plus customers expected this year.

Via's chief executive is banking on more business passengers and fewer short-haul commuters — who take up seats that could go to long-distance riders paying higher fares — to drive up revenue over the next five years.

The hopes underpin part of a five-year strategy unveiled Thursday that aims to cut operating costs and replace about 400 cars on the organization's long-haul fleet, whose oldest coaches date back to the 1940s.

Meanwhile, the last of 32 new train sets — a locomotive, four coaches and a "cab car" — is set to roll off the line at Siemens Canada and into Via stations next year under their $989-million contract. The more efficient trains will help bring down costs and increase capacity by 18 per cent by 2030, all while cutting greenhouse gas emissions by half compared with 2005, Péloquin said.

“High-frequency rail is a superb project for the years to come," he said in a speech at the Chamber of Commerce of Metropolitan Montreal on Thursday. "But we also need to improve our passengers' experience and our service right now."

Benoit Bourdeau, a spokesman at Via HFR Inc. — currently an arm’s-length subsidiary of the passenger rail Crown corporation — said the new project is being developed to complement existing passenger rail services, and that details around the transition will be fleshed out in years to come.

Concern about passengers and profits originated in March 2022 with Ottawa's request for expressions of interest to design and build the HFR. Receiving little comment at the time, the document sought feedback from engineering consortiums around "finance, operation and maintenance of the HFR project."

That specification for bankrolling and running the railroad went beyond the initial scope of merely "designing and planning" it that the government laid out in 2021.

The HFR and its older, slower sibling would also run under a single umbrella, said then-transport minister Omar Alghabra in the request: "The operations of new HFR services and local services will be treated as an integrated system for the entire corridor."

Martin Imbleau, who heads the Via HFR project, has forecast that the corridor will host 17 million riders per year by mid-century, far outstripping last year's 4.1 million.

Despite its location in the two most populous provinces, Johnson said the whole country has a stake in the high-frequency line — if its revenue is spread across the rest of the rail network, from Halifax to Prince Rupert, B.C.

"The original hope with HFR ... was that the corridor would start generating surplus and you could create this positive feedback loop where some of that surplus is reinvested in improving the service for the rest of Canada," he said.

"What happens if you take that away?"

Others are more enthusiastic. Pierre Barrieau, who teaches transportation and urban planning at the University of Montreal, fully backs the move to spin off the Toronto-Quebec City corridor from the rest of Via's operations.

"It's easier to justify a subsidy to serve communities that have no roads," he said of remote regions served by Via. "It's not putting in peril those services because, on the contrary, those communities couldn't live without Via Rail service."

But Christopher Graper, an organizer at Unifor, which represents a majority of Via Rail's 3,600 employees, pointed to the mixed record of public-private partnerships.

Ottawa's Confederation Line light-rail project and Toronto's Eglinton Crosstown light-rail transit line underscored the financial risks for industry and rattled public confidence in the P3 model's ability to deliver projects on time and on budget.

This report by ºÃÉ«tvwas first published May 23, 2024.