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Here's what to know about the case.

What is this lawsuit about?

Trump as part of a series of executive orders cracking down on immigration, saying cities had been taxed by “record levels of migration” and couldn't “absorb large numbers of migrants, and in particular, refugees.” He barred refugees from coming to the U.S., and the administration began cutting off funding for agencies that support refugees.

The refugee program, created by Congress in 1980, is a form of legal migration to the U.S. for people displaced by war, natural disaster or persecution — a process that often takes years and involves significant vetting. It is different from asylum, by which people newly arrived in the U.S. can seek permission to remain because they fear persecution in their home country.

Despite long-standing support from both parties for accepting refugees, . Trump also temporarily halted it during his first term, and then dramatically decreased the number of refugees who could enter the U.S. each year.

There are 600,000 people being processed to come to the U.S. as refugees around the world, according to the administration.

Major refugee aid groups are challenging Trump

The lawsuit filed in Seattle was brought by individual refugees whose efforts to resettle in the U.S. have been halted as well as major refugee aid groups.

Those organizations include International Refugee Assistance Project on behalf of Church World Service, the Jewish refugee resettlement agency HIAS and Lutheran Community Services Northwest. They say they have had to lay off staff because the administration froze funding for processing refugee applications overseas as well as support, such as short-term rental assistance for those already in the U.S.

“We resettled people days before the inauguration that were just cut off from benefits,” said Lutheran Community Services Northwest CEO David Duea said after Tuesday's hearing. “That means rent, helping kids get into school, and case management. It was an inhumane act."

Justice Department lawyer August Flentje disputed the notion that the plaintiffs had suffered the sort of “irreparable” harms that would warrant granting a broad order blocking the administration’s actions. Most people whose travel to the U.S. was canceled at the last minute had already been moved to a third country where they were out of danger, he said, and the cancellation of funding for refugee aid groups amounted to a contract dispute.

The judge disagreed.

“I’ve read the declarations,” Whitehead said. “I have refugees stranded in dangerous places. I have families who have sold everything they’ve owned in advance of travel, which was canceled. I have spouses and children separated indefinitely from their family members in the U.S., resettlement agencies that have already laid off hundreds of staff."

Last week, a federal judge in Washington, D.C., the Trump administration’s actions in a similar lawsuit brought by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. That case faces another hearing Friday.

The judge said the president's authority is broad, not limitless

During Tuesday's arguments, Flentje cited a law that allows the president to deny entry to foreigners whose admission to the U.S. “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.”

But Whitehead determined the president’s actions amounted to an “effective nullification of congressional will” in setting up the nation’s refugee admissions program. He promised to offer a fuller rationale in a written opinion in the next few days.

“The president has substantial discretion ... to suspend refugee admissions,” Whitehead told the parties. “But that authority is not limitless.”

An appeal is expected

Flentje indicated the government might file an “emergency appeal" to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, a motion that would be considered on an expedited basis. He also asked the Whitehead to pause his ruling pending an appeal, but Whitehead called that request premature since he had not yet issued his written decision.

Attorneys for the plaintiffs said they expected Whitehead's ruling to clear the way for money to begin flowing again to the organizations and for plaintiffs stranded overseas to be able to book new trips to the U.S., though it remained unclear whether any appeal might complicate that.

Outside the courthouse Tuesday, the organizations and their supporters celebrated the ruling, describing refugees as a blessing to the country.

Tshishiku Henry, an activist who works on behalf of refugees in Washington state, called his presence “the miracle of the second chance.” He and his wife resettled in the U.S. in 2018 after fleeing war in the Democratic Republic of Congo, he said.

“It was a lifeline,” Henry said. “You didn’t offer us just safety, but you gave us back our future.”