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Though the turnout was low, those who cast votes said they were driven to the polls amid a near-total absence of public services amid the devastation after more than two years of war.

“I came to vote because I have a right to elect members to municipal council so they can provide us with services,” Ashraf Abu Dan said outside his Deir al-Balah polling place.

There and throughout the occupied West Bank, voting will determine the makeup of local councils tasked with overseeing water, roads and electricity.

The West Bank turnout was near the level of previous local elections — a level that surprised observers expecting a low participation rate would signal apathy and eroded faith in elected office. Election officials preliminarily reported 53.4% overall turnout after polls closed and 22.7% in Deir al-Balah. Results in individual races are expected for Sunday.

Voters said they wanted a say over decision-making in their cities.

“Municipal laws need to be enforced so people feel there’s justice,” Khalid al-Qawasmeh, a voter in the West Bank city of Beitunia, said outside his polling place in the West Bank city Beitunia. His finger was inked blue to mark having voted.

Linking the West Bank and Gaza politically

Though it has not held presidential or legislative elections since 2006, the Palestinian Authority promoted the local races after reforms it enacted last year in response to .

Under the slogan “We Stay,” the Ramallah-based Central Election Commission campaigned to encourage participation and reflect how Palestinians living amid war and occupation want a say in how they're governed.

“We’re talking about geographically linking the West Bank and Gaza Strip,” Rami Hamdallah, the commission's chairman, said.

With Gaza mostly decimated after more than two years of war, the commission chose to hold its first vote in Deir al-Balah but had to improvise because it was unable to conduct traditional voter registration.

Hamdallah said Israel blocked the entry of materials like ballot paper, ballot boxes or ink into Gaza. The commission repurposed material instead, using wooden ballot boxes and blue ink leftover from a vaccination drive last year.

The commission said it did not coordinate directly with either Israel or Hamas ahead of the vote. Associated Press footage showed security officers keeping order outside polling stations. COGAT, the Israeli military body that oversees humanitarian affairs in Gaza, did not respond to questions about blocking materials.

Palestinian voter turnout has gradually decreased over the past elections. However, it is relatively high in by regional standards, averaging between 50% and 60%. Experts say the participation rate in local races stands in contrast to the broader apathy felt toward the Palestinian Authority. By comparison, turnout in recent local elections in and was under 40% and 12%, respectively.

‘This is chaos’

Ninety-year-old signed a decree last year reforming elections in line with some , including allow voting for individuals rather than slates.

In January, another Abbas decree required candidates to accept the program of the , the group that leads the Palestinian Authority. The program calls for the recognition of Israel and renouncing armed struggle, effectively sidelining Hamas and other factions.

Though the participation rate was near levels in past elections, many cities — including Ramallah and Nablus — did not have contested elections.

With faith in political parties low, they were less important than families and clans in the weeks of pre-election campaigning. Slates in major cities were dominated by Fatah, the faction that leads the Palestinian Authority, and independents, some with ties to other factions. However, it was the first time in six local elections that none besides Fatah put forward its own slate — an absence that analysts say reflects and the authority’s aging leadership.

In Qalqilya, a city where no slates registered to participate at all, Marwan Ennabi said elections didn't reflect that Palestinian democracy was thriving or capable of changing the deteriorating conditions on the ground.

“This isn't transparency," he said. "This is chaos, chaos, chaos!”

The Palestinian Authority will appoint councils in cities without contested races. Its power has withered amid years without peace negotiations and Israel tightening its grip on the occupied West Bank. But it sees local elections as a low-risk way to demonstrate progress said Aref Jaffal, director of the al-Marsad Arab World Democracy and Electoral Monitor.

“The PA wants to show it is on the right track on political, financial and administrative reforms, and is using local elections as a symbol of that,” he said.

With the authority incapable of addressing and constricting movement in the West Bank, he said councils have taken on greater importance, overseeing local health centers and schools that residents once accessed elsewhere.

New governance structure

Hamas won parliamentary elections in 2006 and violently seized control of Gaza from the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority a year later. It did not put forward candidates Saturday.

Hamas controls the half of Gaza that Israel withdrew from last year, including Deir al-Balah, but the enclave is preparing to transition to a new governance structure under U.S. President Donald Trump’s 20-point plan.

The plan established an international Board of Peace and a committee of unelected Palestinian experts supposed to operate and govern under it. Progress toward further phases, including Hamas, reconstruction and transferring power, is stalled.

Though elections in Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem are recurring points of contention between Israel and Palestinian leaders, the Oslo Accords did not include provisions about holding local races there.

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Metz reported from Ramallah, West Bank. Associated Press writers Jalal Bwaitel and Imad Isseid in Ramallah, West Bank, contributed to this report.