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Japan is the only member of the Group of Seven leading industrialized nations which does not have LGTBQ+ legal protections. Support for same-sex marriage and other rights has grown among the Japanese public, but opposition remains strong within the governing Liberal Democratic Party, known for conservative values and a reluctance to promote gender equality and sexual diversity.

LGBTQ+ activists have increased their efforts to achieve an anti-discrimination law since a former Kishida aide said in February that he wouldn’t want to live next to LGBTQ+ people and that citizens would flee Japan if same-sex marriage were allowed.

The final version of the bill passed Tuesday states that “unjust discrimination" is unacceptable but doesn’t clearly ban discrimination, apparently because some governing party lawmakers oppose transgender rights. Some party members said more consensus building is needed before anti-discrimination measures are introduced.

The bill states that the public's understanding of various sexual orientations and gender identities is “not necessarily sufficient.� It says conditions should be created so that "all citizens can live with peace of mind,� which critics say shows the governing party prioritized the concerns of opponents of equal rights over the rights of sexual minorities.

“We have sought the enactment of an anti-discrimination law,� the Japan Alliance for LGBT Legislation said in a statement. “This bill does not focus on the people concerned, and instead focuses on the side that has discriminated against us and caused our suffering. It's the complete opposite of what we need.�

Kanae Doi, Japan director for the New York-based group Human Rights Watch, said the legislation fails to meet the international standard of anti-discrimination, and human rights should never be compromised by consideration for the majority.

Kishida said at a news conference later Tuesday that he hopes further discussion in parliament will promote wider support for the legislation. “The government will continue to listen to the voices of the people and work hard to achieve a society where diversity is respected and where everyone cherishes each other’s human rights and dignity and where they enjoy vibrant life,� he said.

Kishida also said his Cabinet plans to compile an economic package later this year that will double the budget for subsidies for children and married couples to reverse the country's declining birth rate by the 2030s, a time considered the last chance to turn the downtrend around. Experts say the package doesn't address the difficulties faced by younger Japanese who are increasingly not marrying or having families, discouraged by bleak job prospects, long working hours and lack of work flexibility.

Recent surveys show a majority of Japanese back legalizing same-sex marriage and other protections. Support among the business community has rapidly increased.

Kishida insisted that public views vary on same-sex marriage, and that it is an issue that would broadly impact people if a legal system is created. “That’s why I say a wide-ranging discussion is necessary and a broad understanding is important,� he said.

A court in Fukuoka in southern Japan ruled last Thursday that the lack of legal protections for LGTBQ+ people appears to be unconstitutional. It was the last of five court cases brought by 14 same-sex couples in 2019 that accused the government of violating their equality. Four of the courts ruled that current government policy is unconstitutional or nearly so, while a fifth said a ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional.