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Carter was 68 when he of a heart attack. He served under President Barack Obama from 2015 to January 2017, while Biden was vice president.

“Ash always took the hardest jobs, seemingly impossible missions," Biden said. "Because he believed he could make a difference. And he did make a difference.�

Carter immediately saw his tenure challenged by the rise of the Islamic State group in Iraq and Syria and China’s rapid militarization of islands in the South China Sea, even as the administration tried to shift its aircraft and warships to the Pacific to meet a rising Beijing.

During a 35-year career in a variety of Pentagon posts, Carter, a Philadelphia native, pushed through what he would continue to cite as one of his proudest accomplishments: the effort to speed the design and production of a new up-armored vehicle to better protect troops against roadside bombs. More than 24,000 Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles were manufactured and shipped to Iraq and Afghanistan.

“He took personal pleasure in busting through bureaucratic red tape,� Biden said. "And woe unto the staffer who failed to follow through on an assignment that Ash had given him.�

Biden added, “he made his mission to work at war speed to get our warfighters the best possible protection we could give them.�

But it was two personnel policies as secretary that would distinguish Carter's legacy: opening all combat roles to women in 2015 and allowing transgender personnel to serve.

In the years since, female troops have broken through in ways that were previously unavailable to them, including the first women to graduate U.S. Army Ranger School, the first Army female infantry officer, the first Army female and the first woman to graduate training.

In June 2016, Carter .

“Our mission is to defend this country, and we don’t want barriers unrelated to a person’s qualification to serve preventing us from recruiting or retaining the soldier, sailor, airman or Marine who can best accomplish the mission," Carter said at the time.

President Donald Trump reinstated a ban against transgender troops in 2017, which resulted in a yearslong legal battle as some troops who had come out under the previous policy found themselves in limbo. Biden overturned Trump's policy in 2021, again allowing transgender troops to serve openly.

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Associated Press writers Chris Megerian and Darlene Superville contributed to this report.