Melissa Parker Leonard, a descendant of Seneca leader and Civil War General Ely Samuel Parker, speaks with guests inside the courtroom after a ceremony to posthumously admit Parker to the New York state bar on Friday, Nov. 14, 2025 in Buffalo, N.Y. (AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson)
Justice Mark Montour wears a headdress inside a courtroom as he opens a ceremony to posthumously admit Seneca leader and Civil War General Ely Samuel Parker to the New York state bar on Friday, Nov. 14, 2025 in Buffalo, N.Y. (AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson)
Seneca Nation of Indians President J. Conrad Seneca speaks inside a courtroom during a ceremony to posthumously admit Seneca leader and Civil War General Ely Samuel Parker to the New York state bar on Friday, Nov. 14, 2025 in Buffalo, N.Y. (AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson)
This undated image, from the ɫtv Archives, shows Ely Parker. (ɫtv Archives via AP)
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Melissa Parker Leonard, a descendant of Seneca leader and Civil War General Ely Samuel Parker, speaks with guests inside the courtroom after a ceremony to posthumously admit Parker to the New York state bar on Friday, Nov. 14, 2025 in Buffalo, N.Y. (AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson)
Carolyn Thompson
Justice Mark Montour wears a headdress inside a courtroom as he opens a ceremony to posthumously admit Seneca leader and Civil War General Ely Samuel Parker to the New York state bar on Friday, Nov. 14, 2025 in Buffalo, N.Y. (AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson)
Carolyn Thompson
Seneca Nation of Indians President J. Conrad Seneca speaks inside a courtroom during a ceremony to posthumously admit Seneca leader and Civil War General Ely Samuel Parker to the New York state bar on Friday, Nov. 14, 2025 in Buffalo, N.Y. (AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson)
BUFFALO, N.Y. (AP) — Ely Samuel Parker, a Seneca leader and Civil War officer who served in President Ulysses S. Grant’s cabinet, was posthumously admitted Friday to the New York State Bar, an achievement denied him in life because he was Native American.
His admission inside a ceremonial courtroom in Buffalo 130 years after his death followed a yearslong effort by his descendants, who saw bitter irony in the fact that an important figure in U.S. history was never seen as a U.S. citizen, then a requirement to practice law.
“Today ... we correct that injustice,” Melissa Parker Leonard, a great-great-great-grandniece of Parker’s, said to an audience that included robed judges from several New York courts. “We acknowledge that the failure was never his. It was the law itself.”
Parker was at Grant's side for Gen. Robert E. Lee's 1865 surrender in Appomattox Court House, Virginia, where he was tasked with writing out the final terms that the generals signed. Grant later chose Parker, by then a brigadier general, to be commissioner of Indian Affairs, making him the first Native American to serve in the position.
He is also the first Native American to be posthumously admitted to the bar, said retired Judge John Browning, who worked on the application.
“Even a cursory review of his biography will show that Mr. Parker was not only clearly qualified for admission to the bar, but he in fact exemplified the best and highest ideals of the legal profession that the bar represents,” Judge Gerald Whalen, the presiding justice of the 4th Appellate Division, said before finalizing the admission.
Parker was born on the Seneca Nation of Indians' Tonawanda reservation outside Buffalo in 1828. He was educated at a Baptist mission school, where he went by Ely Samuel Parker instead of his Seneca name, Hasanoanda, and studied law at a firm in Ellicottville, New York. His admission to the bar was denied at a time when only natural-born or naturalized citizens could be admitted.
Native Americans were granted citizenship in 1924.
“Today is Ely’s triumph, but it is also all of ours, too," said Lee Redeye, deputy counsel for the Seneca Nation of Indians, "for we stand victorious over the prejudice of the past.”
Unable to practice law, Parker became a civil engineer but continued to use his legal training to help the Seneca defend their land, partnering with attorney John Martindale to win victories in the New York Court of Appeals and U.S. Supreme Court.
But he is most widely recognized for his Civil War service, first serving as Grant's military secretary. Parker and Grant had met and become friends in Galena, Illinois, where Grant had a home and where Parker, then an engineer for the U.S. Treasury Department, was supervising construction of a federal building.
Parker died in 1895 and is buried in Buffalo's Forest Lawn Cemetery.
“This moment is deeply personal for our family. It allows Ely to rest in the knowledge that he did his best,” Leonard said Friday, “and that his best changed the course of our history.”
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This story was first published on Nov. 14, 2025. It was updated on Nov. 17, 2025, to correct the location of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s 1865 surrender. It was in the village of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, not at a courthouse in Appomattox, Virginia.
