DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) 鈥 Seemingly every afternoon in Iran's capital, police vans rush to major Tehran squares and intersections to search for women with loose headscarves and those who dare not to wear them at all.
The renewed crackdown comes not quite two years since mass protests over the death Mahsa Amini after she was detained for not wearing a scarf to the authorities' liking. A United Nations panel has found that the 22-year-old died as a result of 鈥減hysical violence鈥 .
Amini's death set off months of unrest that ended in a bloody crackdown, and for a time morality police disappeared from the streets. But now videos are emerging of women being physically forced into vans by police as lawmakers continue to push for harsher penalties. Meanwhile, authorities have seized thousands of cars over women having their hair uncovered while also targeting businesses that serve them.
The renewed hijab push, which police are calling the Noor 鈥 or 鈥淟ight鈥 鈥 Plan, began before President Ebrahim Raisi died in a helicopter crash, and whoever wins a vote to replace the hard-line cleric on Friday will have an influence over just how intense it becomes 鈥 and how Iran responds to any further unrest.
鈥淎n intervention ... under the Noor Plan will take us into darkness,鈥 reformist presidential candidate Masoud Pezeshkian recently told a group of female supporters
Enforcement began ramping up in April, with videos spreading online showing women having violent encounters with female enforcers dressed in the all-encompassing black chador alongside uniformed police officers.
While police haven't published arrest numbers about the crackdown and media haven't given it major attention, it's widely discussed in Iran. But still, many women continue to wear their hijabs loosely or leave them draped around their shoulders while walking in Tehran.
On a recent afternoon in northern Tehran, women sat in cafes and other public places, as a police officer in his 50s told those passing by: 鈥淧lease cover yourselves, ladies,鈥 and then muttered audibly: 鈥淢y God, I am fed up repeating this without getting any attention.鈥
鈥淲e know the police are not eager to fight women, but they are under pressure to,鈥 said Fatemeh, a 34-year-old math teacher who gave only her first name for fear of reprisal. 鈥淪ooner or later, the authorities will realize that it would serve their interests better to pull back.鈥
Iran and neighboring Taliban-controlled Afghanistan are the only countries where the hijab remains mandatory 鈥 even conservative Saudi Arabia has dialed back on its morality patrols. While women attend school, work and can manage their own lives in Iran, hard-liners insist that the hijab must be enforced.
The garment has long has been entwined with politics in Iran. Former ruler Reza Shah Pahlavi banned it in 1936, part of his efforts to mirror the West. The ban lasted only five years, but many middle and upper-class Iranian women chose not to wear it.
After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, some of the women who helped overthrow the shah embraced the even more conservative chador. But others protested a decision by Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to order women to wear hijabs in public. In 1983, it became law, enforced with penalties including fines and up to two months in prison.
Amini's death in September 2022 sparked months of protests and a security crackdown that killed more than 500 people and saw over 22,000 detained. But less than two years later, hard-liners within Iran's theocracy have pressed forward with a crackdown.
The government's insistence on enforcing the hijab also reflects its conspiratorial view of the world. Iran鈥檚 national police chief, Gen. Ahmad Reza Radan, has alleged without providing evidence that the country鈥檚 enemies plan to transform the nation鈥檚 culture by encouraging women to avoid the veil.
Already, 鈥渢ens of thousands of women have had their cars arbitrarily confiscated as punishment for defying Iran鈥檚 veiling laws,鈥 Amnesty International said in March. 鈥淥thers have been prosecuted and sentenced to flogging or prison terms or faced other penalties such as fines or being forced to attend 'morality' classes.鈥
On Saturday, police said they would release some 8,000 vehicles held over women not wearing the hijab in them for the Eid al-Ghadir holiday marked by Shiites.
There's also been a push to that serve women who aren't wearing hijabs.
鈥淭he Islamic Republic is using the distraction of its presidential 鈥榚lection鈥 to go after its women activists and cow them into silence through imprisonment and abuse,鈥 said Hadi Ghaemi, the executive director of the New York-based Center for Human Rights in Iran. The center said at least 12 women activists have been sentenced to prison since Raisi's deaths for their work.
But there are signs that Iran's government, and 85-year-old Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, know there are risks to escalating enforcement. A that could impose 10-year prison sentences for hijab violations has yet to be approved by the country's Guardian Council, a panel of clerics and jurists ultimately overseen by Khamenei.
So far among the presidential candidates, only Pezeshkian has criticized the hijab law. Others, including current parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf, asked for the law to be implemented in a softer way. Candidate Mostafa Pourmohammadi, a Shiite cleric, criticized the use of violence against women, saying police should use 鈥渢he language of trust and gratitude" rather than the baton.
Meanwhile, , a prominent women's rights activist, has issued a call from prison urging a boycott of the presidential vote, saying it only supports 鈥渁 regime that believes in repression, terror and violence.鈥
At a recent Friday prayers in Tehran, women uniformly wore the chador while attending, as they always do.
鈥淓very women should cover herself in veil, this is an order by Allah,鈥 said Masoumeh Ahmadi, a 49-year-old housewife.
But even among the pious, there can be differences of opinion.
鈥淵es, it is an order by God, but it is not a must for all women as far as I have learned," said Ahmadi's 37-year-old friend, Zahra Kashani.
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Karimi reported from Tehran, Iran.
