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Experts say the last time the nation experienced two back-to-back years of drought was 1989-90 but that conditions are more severe now.

With scant winter snowfall translating into vastly insufficient snowmelt to supply streams and tributaries that flow into Po River, farmers in Italy's Emilia-Romagna region worry they might have to abandon traditional crops like corn and soy and plant sunflowers instead.

The region is one of Italy’s most productive agricultural areas. The lack of water could also affect the supply of animal feed for Emilia-Romagna's cows and pigs, whose milk and meat are essential to producing Parmigiano Reggiano cheese and prized prosciutto.

France recorded 32 days without rain this winter — the longest such winter drought since record-keeping began in 1959. Snow levels in the French Alps, the Pyrenees and other French mountain ranges are also much lower than usual for this time of year, according to the national weather service.

Since snowmelt is crucial to filling rivers and reservoirs, weather watchers are worried about depleted water supplies later this year. Around France, residents are sharing images of dried-up riverbeds and shrunken lakes — shocking sights in the depths of winter.

French President Emmanuel Macron promised his government would devise an urgent “water plan” in mid-March.

The last two summers in France also were exceptionally dry, prompting some farmers to consider switching to new crops.

Italy last year reeled under its worst drought in 70 years, and the Po, its longest river, turned into a long stretch of sand. The drought battered the rice plants that supply the main ingredient for risotto.

What precipitation Italy received in late February seemed to do more harm than good for some farmers. A combination of lower temperatures, snow and frost threatened fruit crops that, due to a warmer winter, had already started blooming, notably almond, peach and cherry trees, the agricultural farm lobby Coldiretti said this week.

“The arrival of precipitation in any case won’t succeed in making up for the water deficit in a situation in which Italy is 30% short of water, with the percentage rising to 40% in north Italy,’’ Coldiretti noted, citing data from Italy’s ��ɫtv Research Council.

While briefing lawmakers Wednesday, Italy's minister of agriculture and food sovereignty, Francesco Lollobrigida, described the lack of water as an emergency. He cited infrastructure as a contributor to the problem.

"We must intervene with planning for the long-, medium- and short-term period to make aqueducts, which have leakage as high as almost 50%, more efficient and devise a plan for reservoirs and water basins,'' Lollobrigida said.

Experts from the ��ɫtv Research Council, which is known by its Italian acronym CNR, observed last month that the “snow, which fell at the end of the month after various weeks, isn’t sufficient to reach the average values of the 2011-2021 decade, above all on the Alps.’’

Earlier this week, France’s environment minister ordered officials who are working on what Macron ’s government calls its “water sobriety plan” to take immediate steps to restrict water usage to ensure there is enough water this summer.

Four regions in southern France -- Isere, Var, Bouches-du Rhone and the Pyrenees — already have water restrictions in place, and 10 other departments were placed on the vigilance list.

In Germany, experts say that rain around the start of the year will not be enough to replenish deeper parts of the soil that have become worryingly dry in recent years. Germany’s Federal Statistical Office said this week that drought and heat led to a significant drop in the vegetable harvest last year, which was down 12% compared with 2021 —a record year — and down 2% compared with the five-year average.

Thanks to recent rain in Spain, water reserves are at 51% of capacity, way above the dangerously low 35% of late 2022. Last year was Spain's third-driest year and the hottest one since 1961, when record-keeping started.

Dry conditions remain a worry in Spain's Catalonia region, where water use has been restricted in agriculture and industry since November and using potable water to wash cars or fill swimming pools is prohibited.

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Angela Charlton in Paris; Barbara Surk in Nice, France; Ciaran Giles in Madrid;, Frank Jordans in Berlin, and Colleen Barry in Milan contributed reporting.